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外汇中的货币扩张

    2018-02-10 10:28:58

      货币扩张,也称作货币创造(Moneycreation),是中央银行、商业银行和非银行(机构或个人)通过信贷关系共同作用,使得在银行体系内流通货币量扩大的金融行为。

      对货币扩张的控制是中央银行的主要任务之一。

      不是所有的流通货币都需要有货币现金、实物资产或政府资产作后盾。一国的货币是以国家的经济潜力或政府的法定货币法令作后盾的。这种潜力也成为政府发行货币的理论上限。


      货币扩张乘数

      货币扩张乘数,也称作存款创造乘数,描述商业银行体系供给货币的机制,它衡量了商业银行体系内增加货币供给的数量。为了控制这个体系创造的货币量,中央银行给商业银行设置严格的准备金比例,中央银行只允许商业银行的初级存款的一部分用于放贷,这也称作现金准备比例。


      货币扩张乘数示例

      某储户在银行A存入1000元初级存款,现金准备比例为12%,则120元必须被银行保留,880元可用于放贷(称作超额储备)。如果银行A将超额储备880元全部放贷,接受贷款的人将之存到银行B,银行B需要将12%×880元作为初级存款880元的现金储备,可放贷部分为774.40元。如果774.40元被存入C银行,则92.93元须作为储备,可以放贷681.47元,……,以此类推,直至不再有超额储备(此处为了简化,忽略了安全储备)。

      TD:总存款的变化量

      ID:存款的初始变化

      crr:现金准备比例

      TD=ID/crr,例如,如果准备金比例为12%,存款的初始增长1000元将使总存款增加8333.33元(1000/.12=8333.33)。


      美元货币扩张示例

      美国政府发行国库券,即在特定日期支付特定金额的支付承诺。比如发行价值1,000,000美元的债券,投资者以货币进行投资购入债券,以获得债券利息为报偿。

      美联储印刷价值1,000,000美元的支票,作为应付款项给美国政府。该支票就是销售债券的进款。


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